Did you know that much of the New Testament is made up of personal letters written nearly 2,000 years ago, but which still speak directly to your life today?
These letters, known as epistlesThese are not simple ancient documents or cold theological texts. They are messages filled with passion, urgency, and practical wisdom, written by Christian leaders like Paul, Peter, and John to guide, correct, and strengthen the early Christian communities.

In this article you will discover:

• What exactly is an epistle and why its format is so powerful.

• How and why these letters were written.

• What lessons do they offer on leadership, faith, family, morality, and hope?

• And how they still transform hearts, churches, and cultures in the 21st century.

Get ready to dive into one of the most influential and revealing literary forms in the entire BibleThe epistles not only inform: form and transformAre you ready to read them with fresh eyes?

What is an epistle in the Bible?

Definition and meaning of the term “epistle”

The word epistle comes from Greek epistolē (ἐπιστολή), which literally means “letter” or “written message.”
In the Bible, it refers to formal writings addressed to individuals, communities, or churches for the purpose of instructing, exhorting, correcting, or encouraging in the Christian faith.

Unlike a common letter, an epistle in the biblical context It has a deep theological, pastoral and doctrinal load.
They are not mere personal correspondence, but messages inspired by God which are part of the sacred canon of the New Testament.

Why are the epistles important in the New Testament?

The epistles occupy 21 of the 27 books of the New Testament, which reflects its doctrinal and practical weight.
They were written in the first century by apostles and leaders of the early church—primarily Paul, Peter, John, James, and Jude—to to form, strengthen, and correct believers in different historical and cultural contexts.

Its importance lies in that:

• They explain the work of Christ and its meaning for the believer

• They develop key doctrines such as justification, grace, faith and salvation

• They provide ethical and pastoral guide for daily life and the Christian community

• Respond to real conflicts in the early church that are still relevant today

The epistles not only transmit doctrinal content, but they also model how to live the gospel in the midst of a broken world.
Therefore, they are a vital source for the spiritual and theological formation of the modern Christian.

Difference between epistles, letters and other biblical writings

Although the term “epistle” means “letter,” Not all letters are epistles in the biblical sense.
In the New Testament, the epistles have a more formal structure and a specific theological purpose which distinguishes them from simple personal notes.

Main differences:

For example, Romans It is a theological epistle addressed to a church, while Philemon It is a personal letter.
Facts It is narrative-historical, and Apocalypse is prophetic.
These differences help to correctly interpret the text according to its genre.

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In summary, the biblical epistles are letters with divine authority, written to edify believers, confront errors and to form a church faithful to the message of Christ.

Historical context of the biblical epistles

The Greco-Roman world and the practice of letter writing

The biblical epistles arose within the cultural context of the Greco-Roman world of the 1st century AD, where letter writing was a common practice in public, philosophical and personal communication.

In that world:

• The letters were used to instruct, exhort and connect with disciples, leaders or distant cities.

   

• Philosophers like Seneca or Cicero They already used the epistolary format to transmit moral wisdom and structured teaching.

   

• The letters were written on papyrus, parchment or wax tablets, and they usually followed a formal structure: greeting, thanksgiving, doctrinal or exhortative body, and farewell.

The authors of the New Testament adopted this epistolary format but transformed into a vehicle of divine revelation, guided by the Holy Spirit and centered on the gospel of Jesus Christ.

How the Epistles were transported and read in the early church

In times without institutional mail, The epistles were carried by trusted messengers, generally disciples of the author or collaborators of the ministry.

Biblical examples:

• Tychicus He carried the letters to the Ephesians and Colossians (Ephesians 6:21-22; Colossians 4:7-8).

   

• Phoebe delivered the epistle to the Romans (Romans 16:1).

   

• Onesimus, the runaway slave, probably carried the letter to Philemon.

Once received, the epistles:

• Were read aloud before the entire congregation (Colossians 4:16; 1 Thessalonians 5:27).

   

• They were copied and shared with other churches.

   

• They were kept as sacred documents, considered to have the same authority as the writings of the Old Testament.

These letters shaped doctrine, ethics and community life of believers in their early years as a church.

The role of scribes and messengers

Many New Testament authors They dictated their epistles to scribes or amanuenses, who wrote them with care and fidelity.

For example:

• Third He was the scribe who wrote the letter to the Romans at Paul's dictation (Romans 16:22).

   

• Sometimes Paul added a personal greeting in his own handwriting to authenticate the letter (1 Corinthians 16:21; Galatians 6:11).

The messengers Not only were they responsible for physically delivering the letter, but they also:

• They explained its content, represented the author and answered questions.

   

• They functioned as links between communities scattered Christians.

   

• Some were even actively involved in the work of the ministry as pastors or leaders.

This shows that each epistle was the result of a team effort between the author, the scribe, and the messenger, and that its transmission was a careful and pastoral process.

Classification of the epistles in the New Testament

Pauline Epistles (13 letters attributed to Paul)

The apostle Paul is the most prolific author of the New Testament, with 13 epistles that bear his name.
These letters can be classified into three groups:

1. Epistles to churches:
• Romans, 1 and 2 Corinthians, Galatians, Ephesians, Philippians, Colossians, 1 and 2 Thessalonians.

   

• Focused on doctrinal, ethical and community issues.
2. Pastoral Epistles:

    

• 1 and 2 Timothy, Titus.

   

• Instructions on leadership, teaching, and church life.
3. Personal letter:

    

• Philemon.

   

• It deals with the reconciliation between a slave and his master from the perspective of the gospel.

The Pauline epistles stand out for their doctrinal depth, theological clarity and pastoral tone, and have been fundamental pillars for historical Christian theology.

General or Catholic Epistles (Peter, John, James, Jude)

They are called "generals" or "catholics" (from the Greek Catholicos, which means “universal”) because:

• They are not directed to a specific church, but to believers in general or to broad regions.

• They are shorter, more direct and practical in their content.

They include:

• Santiago: authentic faith that produces works.

   

• 1 and 2 Peter: hope in the midst of suffering.

   

• 1, 2 and 3 John: love, truth and warning against false teachers.

   

• Judas: defense of faith against apostasy.

These letters reflect the pastoral concern of the apostles for the spiritual well-being of the global church.

The Epistle to the Hebrews: A Unique Letter

Hebrews is an exceptional epistle for several reasons:

• The author is not identified, although some attribute the letter to Paul, others to Apollos, Barnabas or even to a female figure such as Priscilla.

   

• Has a style closer to a theological sermon than a personal letter.

Key topics:

• Christ as Perfect and eternal High Priest

• The superiority of Jesus over angels, Moses, the Levitical priesthood, and ancient sacrifices

   

• The call to persevere in faith under persecution

Hebrews unites the Old and New Testaments showing how Jesus is the fulfillment of the law, the temple and the priestly system.
Therefore, although unique, it is an epistle of deep Christological richness.

Literary characteristics of the epistles

Greetings and opening phrases

The New Testament epistles begin with a greeting formula characteristic of the Greco-Roman world, adapted to the Christian message.

These openings include:

• The name of the author or sender, as “Paul, an apostle of Jesus Christ…” (Ephesians 1:1).

   

• The recipient or community, for example, “to the saints and faithful in Christ Jesus who are at Ephesus.”

   

• An initial blessing, usually combining Jewish and Greek terms such as “Grace and peace to you…” (Romans 1:7), merging the greeting Greek (“grace”) with the shalom Hebrew (“peace”).

This greeting was not a mere formality:

• It reflected the spiritual and theological background from the letter.

   

• Presented from the beginning the apostolic authority from the sender.

   

• It established a pastoral, fraternal and compassionate tone.

The opening of the epistles functioned as gateway to the heart of the message which would be developed later.

Exhortations, instructions and applied theology

The central body of the epistles combines doctrinal teaching with practical application, making them a unique form of theological literature.

Its distinctive elements:

• Moral and spiritual exhortations: called to repentance, unity, brotherly love, and faithfulness in the midst of trials (Romans 12; Ephesians 4–6).

   

• Church and family instructions: : rules for elders, deacons, husbands, parents, children, servants (1 Timothy 3; Colossians 3:18-25).

   

• Warnings against false teachers: a recurring theme in almost all the epistles (2 Peter 2; Galatians 1:6-9).

   

• Doctrinal revelation: topics such as justification by faith (Romans), grace (Ephesians), salvation (Titus) and eschatology (1 Thessalonians).

The style is direct, pastoral and deeply applied to the real life of the believer, seeking to form the character of Christ in each reader (Galatians 4:19).

Personal blessings and farewells

The epistles conclude with words of blessing, personal greetings and final notes which reveal the intimate and communal tone of these letters.

Common elements in farewells:

• Final blessings as “The grace of our Lord Jesus Christ be with you” (2 Thessalonians 3:18).

   

• Greetings to specific people, showing the value of personal relationships within the church (Romans 16 contains over 25 names).

   

• Recommendations from collaborators: The authors ask that certain brothers be received with appreciation (such as Tychicus, Epaphroditus, or Timothy).

   

• Handwritten notes: Sometimes the author writes a few lines in his own handwriting to authenticate the letter (Galatians 6:11).

These farewells show that the epistles were deeply human and spiritual at the same timeThey were not impersonal treatises, but messages filled with affection, authority, and prayer for the church.

Purposes of the Epistles in the Bible

Teach doctrine to the churches

One of the central purposes of the epistles is to instruct the churches in sound doctrineThrough these letters, the apostles explained clearly:

• The identity and work of Jesus Christ (Colossians 1:15-20).

   

• Salvation and its implications (Ephesians 2:8-10).

   

• The function of the Holy Spirit (Romans 8).

   

• The new life of the believer (2 Corinthians 5:17).

These teachings were not only theoretical, but practical foundations for Christian life, transmitted with apostolic authority to form believers in the truth of the gospel.

Correct errors and heresies

The epistles also arose for correct doctrinal deviations and erroneous practices in the churches. In several cases, the apostles faced:

• Judaizing legalism, who imposed the law of Moses on the Gentiles (Galatians).

   

• Moral liberalism, as in the case of incest tolerated in Corinth (1 Corinthians 5).

   

• Denial of the resurrection (1 Corinthians 15).

   

• False teachers who distorted the gospel (2 Peter 2; 2 John 7-11).

These corrections were not merely polemical, but pastoral and restorative, seeking to protect the purity of the gospel and the healthy growth of the churches.

Encourage in the midst of persecution or confusion

Many epistles were written in contexts of persecution, suffering or spiritual crisis, to comfort and strengthen believers.

Key messages in these cases:

• Courage in suffering: “Do not be surprised at the fiery trial…” (1 Peter 4:12-13).

   

• Faithfulness in the midst of trials“You will be hated… but he who endures to the end…” (2 Timothy 3:12).

   

• Firm hope in God's promise“Our light affliction, which is but for a moment, is working for us a far more exceeding and eternal weight of glory” (2 Corinthians 4:17).

The epistles instilled courage, hope and eternal perspective in times of great difficulty.

Maintain unity among believers

The unity of the church was a recurring theme in the epistles. The apostles exhorted to maintain the communion among believers despite their ethnic, social or cultural differences.

Highlights:

• Unity between Jews and Gentiles in Christ (Ephesians 2:11-22).

   

• Avoid divisions and disputes (1 Corinthians 1:10-13).

   

• Bear with one another in love (Colossians 3:13-14).

   

• Value the different gifts and functions within the body (Romans 12; 1 Corinthians 12).

The unit was seen as a visible expression of the gospel and a condition for the spiritual growth of the church.

Main topics covered in the epistles

Salvation by grace through faith

The epistles emphasize that the Salvation is not achieved by human works, but is an undeserved gift from God, received by faith.

Key passages:

• “For by grace you have been saved through faith…” (Ephesians 2:8-9).

   

• “Therefore, since we have been justified by faith, we have peace with God…” (Romans 5:1).

   

• “Not by works of righteousness which we have done…” (Titus 3:5).

This message was revolutionary against religious legalism, and is the heart of the gospel preached by the apostles.

Justification, sanctification, and glorification

The epistles present salvation as a comprehensive process composed of:

• Justification: God declares the believer righteous by faith (Romans 3:24).

   

• Sanctification: progressive transformation into the image of Christ (1 Thessalonians 4:3).

   

• Glorification: culmination of salvation in eternity (Romans 8:30).

These three stages show that the gospel not only changes our destiny, but also our condition and character over time.

The Church as the Body of Christ

The epistles develop an elevated vision of the church, presenting it as the living body of Christ on earth.

Highlighted Features:

• Christ is the head of the body (Ephesians 1:22-23).

   

• Every believer is a member with a specific function (1 Corinthians 12:12-27).

   

• Emphasis is placed on the interdependence and mutual love among the members.

   

• The church is also the Temple of the Holy Spirit (1 Corinthians 3:16-17).

This vision leads to a active, serving, and Christ-centered community life.

Love, patience and forgiveness in the Christian life

The epistles promote a lifestyle that reflects the character of Christ. Virtues such as love, patience and forgiveness are central:

• “Love is patient, love is kind…” (1 Corinthians 13).

   

• “Be patient in tribulation…” (Romans 12:12).

   

• “Forgive one another… as Christ forgave you” (Colossians 3:13).

These virtues are not optional, but fruits of the Spirit (Galatians 5:22-23) that demonstrate the authenticity of the Christian faith.

The Second Coming of Christ and Eternal Hope

Many epistles look to the future with expectation of Christ's glorious return, motivating believers to live with hope.

Key eschatological themes:

• The coming of the Lord in glory (1 Thessalonians 4:16-17).

   

• He judgment of the wicked and the reward of the righteous (2 Thessalonians 1:6-10).

   

• He longing for an eternal and incorruptible inheritance (1 Peter 1:4).

This hope is not elusive, but transformer, encouraging a holy and persevering life while awaiting the manifestation of the Kingdom.

Authors of the biblical epistles

The Apostle Paul: Short Biography and Writing Style

Paul, formerly called Saul of Tarsus, was a zealous Pharisee and persecutor of Christians who experienced a radical conversion upon meeting Christ on the road to Damascus (Acts 9). From then on he became the apostle to the Gentiles, traveling throughout the Roman Empire to preach the gospel and establish churches.

Characteristics of his writing:

• Doctrinal depth: developed concepts such as justification by faith, grace, original sin, and redemption.

   

• Missionary passion: His letters show a fervent heart for the growth and holiness of the church.

   

• Personal and pastoral tone: mixes teaching with affection, correction with tenderness (1 Thessalonians 2:7-8).

   

• Use of logical and biblical arguments: as in Romans, where he articulates his theology with philosophical and biblical precision.

   

Paul wrote 13 epistles of the New Testament, being the most prolific author and a key figure in the formation of Christian theology.

Peter, John, James and Judas: disciples turned shepherds

These authors were direct witnesses of the life, death and resurrection of Jesus, and they became spiritual leaders of the early church.

• Peter: a fisherman turned apostle; his letters exhort hope and holiness in the midst of persecution.

   

• Juan: the “beloved disciple”; he wrote epistles focused on love, truth, and the fight against heresy (1 John 4:7-8).

   

• Santiago: Jesus' brother and leader in Jerusalem; his letter is practical and direct, focused on authentic faith that produces works.

   

• Judas: also the brother of Jesus; his short but powerful epistle warns against false teachers and calls for contention for the faith.

   

These epistles reflect the pastoral heart and apostolic authority of men who knew Christ and led the church through its early challenges.

Unknown author of Hebrews: hypotheses and arguments

The Epistle to the Hebrews is unique in its style and content, and its author remains anonymousSince ancient times, authorship has been a subject of debate:

Main hypotheses:

• Pablo: defended by Eastern tradition; however, the style and vocabulary are distinct from his other letters.

   

• Apollos: proposed by Luther; he was eloquent and knowledgeable in the Scriptures (Acts 18:24-28).

   

• Barnabas: Paul's companion, with a Levitical background, which is consistent with the priestly emphasis of the text.

   

• Priscila: modern suggestion that would explain anonymity in a patriarchal context.

What is clear is that the author:

• He had a deep knowledge of the Old Testament, especially of the Levitical system.

   

• He dominated the Greek rhetoric and homiletic style.

   

• Was closely connected with the early Christian community, as shown by his reference to Timothy (Hebrews 13:23).

   

Despite its anonymity, Hebrews is one of the most important works most theologically rich of the New Testament, exalting Christ as the supreme fulfillment of the covenant.

To whom the epistles were addressed

Local churches (Corinth, Ephesus, Thessalonica…)

Many epistles were written to specific communities of believers located in different cities of the Roman Empire. These churches faced particular challenges:

• Maroon: problems of division, immorality and disorder in worship (1 Corinthians).

   

• Ephesus: need to reaffirm Christian identity and unity in Christ (Ephesians).

   

• Thessaloniki: confusion about the second coming of Christ (1 and 2 Thessalonians).

   

• Philippi: external persecution and call to joy in the midst of trial (Philippians).

   

The letters to these churches addressed concrete situations with eternal applications, which are still valid for the church today.

Specific people (Timothy, Titus, Philemon)

Some epistles were addressed to individuals who exercised leadership or needed pastoral guidance.

• Timothy: a young pastor in Ephesus; Paul instructs him on doctrine, conduct, and leadership (1 and 2 Timothy).

   

• Titus: charged with organizing the church in Crete; receives practical advice on elders and good works (Titus 1:5).

   

• Philemon: a colossal believer, owner of the slave Onesimus; Paul exhorts him to receive him as a brother in Christ.

These epistles show the relational and pastoral dimension of the gospel, with an intimate, direct tone full of spiritual affection.

The Universal Church (General Epistles)

The calls general or catholic epistles (from the Greek Catholicos, “universal”) are not directed to a specific church, but to all the believers scattered.

Examples:

• Santiago: “to the twelve tribes which are scattered abroad…” (James 1:1).

   

• 1 Peter: “to the exiles in Pontus, Galatia, Cappadocia…” (1 Peter 1:1).

   

• 1 John: without specific recipient, written to the entire Christian community.

These letters address themes common to all believers such as genuine faith, a life of holiness, brotherly love and resistance to error, serving as Timeless spiritual guides for the global church.

Key examples of epistles and their central message

Romans: The Theology of Salvation

The Epistle to the Romans is considered the Paul's theological masterpieceWritten to a church he did not found, it seeks to systematically explain the gospel of Christ.

Core messages:

• All have sinned and fallen short of the glory of God. (Romans 3:23).

   

• Justification is by faith, not by works. (Romans 5:1).

   

• Grace overcomes sin, but does not lead to debauchery (Romans 6).

   

• Israel and the Gentiles are included in God's redemptive plan (Romans 9–11).

   

• Salvation transforms practical life (Romans 12–15).

Romans presents God's redemptive plan from condemnation to glorification, being key to understanding God's justice and saving grace.

1 Corinthians: Correction in the Midst of Immaturity

Written to a vibrant but troubled church, 1 Corinthians seeks correct doctrinal, moral and coexistence errors within the community.

Topics covered:

• Internal divisions and factions (1 Corinthians 1–3).

   

• Tolerated sexual immorality (chap. 5–6).

   

• Disorder in worship and the Lord's Supper (chap. 11).

   

• Misuse of spiritual gifts (chap. 12–14).

   

• Denial of bodily resurrection (chap. 15).

Paul exhorts the church to live in holiness, unity and love, placing Christ at the center of all practice and teaching.

Galatians: Defense of the Gospel by Faith

In Galatians, Paul writes with an urgent and confrontational tone to defend the purity of the gospel, threatened by legalistic teachings.

Key points:

• The gospel does not need additions like the Mosaic law (Galatians 1:6-9).

   

• Justification is by faith, not by law (Galatians 2:16).

   

• Abraham was justified by believing, before the law (Galatians 3).

   

• Christ made us free, and that freedom must not be used to sin. (Galatians 5:1,13).

   

• Fruit of the Spirit as evidence of a transformed life (Galatians 5:22-23).

Galatians is a powerful declaration of spiritual freedom, and a passionate defense of the gospel of grace.

Ephesians: Identity in Christ and Unity of the Church

Ephesians reveals the spiritual wealth that believers possess in Christ and God's purpose to unite all things under his lordship.

Core messages:

• Spiritual blessings in Christ from eternity (Ephesians 1:3-14).

   

• Salvation by grace through faith, not by works (Ephesians 2:8-9).

   

• Unity between Jews and Gentiles in one body (Ephesians 2:14-22).

   

• Called to live in holiness, love and mutual subjection (Ephesians 4–6).

   

• The spiritual armor to resist on the evil day (Ephesians 6:10-18).

Ephesians celebrates identity, purpose and responsibility of the believer as an active part of the body of Christ.

Santiago: the faith that produces works

Santiago writes with a practical and direct style, emphasizing that True faith is manifested in daily conduct.

Key topics:

• Faith without works is dead (James 2:17).

   

• Mastery of the language as a sign of spiritual maturity (James 3).

   

• The call to humility, patience and prayer (James 4–5).

   

• Beware of bias toward the rich and unfair judgment (James 2).

   

• Suffering as a test that strengthens faith (James 1:2-4).

Santiago reminds us that An authentic faith is active, compassionate and consistent, and that pure religion is manifested in the practice of good.

How to Correctly Interpret a Biblical Epistle

Understand the historical and cultural context

Every epistle was written in a specific time, place and culture, and understanding that context is key to interpreting it correctly.

Points to consider:

• What was the situation of the receiving church or person?

• What doctrinal or ethical problems were addressed?

• What role did the author have within the community?

• What was the influence of the Roman Empire, Judaism, or false teachers in that context?

This knowledge allows distinguish between the circumstantial and the universal, avoiding misinterpretations.

Identify the original purpose of the letter

Each epistle has one pastoral or theological intention concrete. Detecting this purpose helps to interpret its content faithfully.

Keys to identify it:

• Read the entire text as a whole, not just isolated verses.

   

• Observe the keywords, repetitions and argumentative structures.

   

• Analyze the questions or themes that the author answers or develops.

With this, the reader will be able to follow the logical thread of the message, understanding how each part contributes to the central purpose of the letter.

Applying eternal principles to modern life

Although they were written two thousand years ago, the epistles contain eternal truths applicable today.

Steps for application:

• Distinguishing between the cultural and the normativeFor example, the use of the veil (1 Corinthians 11) may have a cultural context, but the principle of order and respect remains.

   

• Translating the principles into current contexts: How to live love, humility, and correction in the Church today.

   

• Allow the Holy Spirit to confront, comfort, and transform through the text.

The correct interpretation of the epistles does not end with understanding, but produces obedience and transformation in the life of the believer.

Epistles and practical theology

Instructions for Christian Leadership

The epistles offer clear guidelines for leadership in the church, with the aim of forming pastors and leaders of integrity, faithful to the doctrine and character of Christ.

Key aspects:

• Requirements for bishops and deacons (1 Timothy 3; Titus 1): blameless life, self-control, hospitality, good testimony.

   

• Servant and non-authoritarian leadership model (1 Peter 5:2-3): “not as those who lord it over others… but being examples to the flock.”

   

• Fidelity to sound doctrine (2 Timothy 2:2): pass on what you have learned to other faithful men.

   

• Warnings against pride and the love of money (1 Timothy 6:3-10).

Christian leadership, according to the epistles, must be spiritual, pastoral and exemplary, based on the Word and oriented toward service.

Family and church relations

The epistles also address family and community life, teaching how believers should relate to each other in the home and in the church.

Common instructions:

• Husbands and wives: called to love and mutual respect (Ephesians 5:22-33).

   

• Parents and children: upbringing in discipline and love (Ephesians 6:1-4).

   

• Servants and masters: work and lead with integrity (Colossians 3:22–4:1).

   

• Relationships between believers: forgiveness, patience, exhortation, unity (Romans 12; Philippians 2).

These teachings reveal that The gospel transforms not only the heart, but also everyday life in all its dimensions.

Moral and spiritual life of the believer

The epistles urge believers to live a life holy, sober, and guided by the Spirit, in contrast to the values of the world.

Values and attitudes promoted:

• Holiness and purity (1 Thessalonians 4:3-8).

   

• Renewal of the mind (Romans 12:2).

   

• Fruit of the Spirit (Galatians 5:22-23).

   

• Humility, meekness, patience and forgiveness (Colossians 3:12-13).

   

• Rejection of immorality, idolatry and greed (Ephesians 5:3-7).

The Christian life, according to the epistles, is a coherent response to the gospel, marked by inner transformation and outer testimony.

How the Epistles were preserved and canonized

Process of transmission and handwritten copy

Since their origins, the epistles were copied, shared and read publicly in the churches. Although there was no printing press, believers carefully cared for these texts.

Process characteristics:

• Scribes and copyists They reproduced the letters by hand on papyrus or parchment.

   

• The copies were sent to other churches for their edification (Colossians 4:16).

   

• They were preserved as sacred documents, at the level of the Old Testament Scriptures.

Despite minor copying errors, The fidelity of the text was maintained thanks to the quantity and quality of the manuscripts, allowing a reliable reconstruction of the original text.

Councils and recognition of apostolic authority

The canonization of the epistles was a progressive process, in which the church recognized, rather than imposed, the authority of certain writings.

Important milestones:

• From early on, letters like Romans, 1 Corinthians and 1 Peter were already considered Scripture by the church fathers.

   

• He Muratorian Canon (2nd century) includes many of the current epistles.

   

• The councils of Hippo (393) and Carthage (397) officially confirmed the canon of the New Testament.

This process showed that the The authority of the epistles did not depend on human votes, but of its apostolic origin and coherence with the teachings of Christ.

Criteria for inclusion in the New Testament canon

The early church used several discernment criteria to recognize which epistles were inspired by God and deserved to be part of the canon.

Main criteria:

• Apostolic authorship or direct connection to an apostle (like Luke with Paul or Mark with Peter).

   

• Doctrinal orthodoxy: it had to be in harmony with the teaching of Jesus and the apostles.

   

• Universal use in churches for instruction and worship.

   

• Spiritual impact and internal testimony of the Holy Spirit in the community of faith.

These criteria ensured that the epistles included in the New Testament were authentic, faithful and edifying, preserving the truth of the gospel for all generations.

Differences between Pauline and general epistles

Style, vocabulary and structure

The Pauline epistles and the general epistles They share the basic epistolary format, but differ notably in style and form of expression.

Characteristics of the Pauline epistles:

• Use of complex theological arguments and logical structures (especially in Romans and Galatians).

   

• Technical vocabulary such as justification, redemption, funny, meat, Spirit.

   

• Variable length, with greetings and lists of names at the end.

   

• Doctrinal structure followed by practical application (e.g. Ephesians 1–3 doctrine, 4–6 practice).

Characteristics of the general epistles:

• Language more direct, simple and moralizing (as in Santiago).

   

• Greater use of images and metaphors (1 Peter: “living stones”, “kingdom of priests”).

   

• In many cases, shorter and more linear structure.

   

• More style exhortative than theological.

These differences reflect both the personality of the author as the specific purpose of each letter.

Doctrinal themes vs. practical exhortations

The Pauline epistles tend to focus on fundamental doctrines of the Christian faith, while the general epistles focus on experiences and practical attitudes.

In the Pauline epistles the following predominate:

• The justification by faith (Romans, Galatians).

   

• The identity of the believer in Christ (Ephesians).

   

• The role of the Holy Spirit (Romans 8).

   

• The eschatological future (1 Thessalonians).

In the general epistles the following predominate:

• The Christian life consistent with faith (Santiago).

   

• The hope in the midst of persecution (1 Peter).

   

• He brotherly love and doctrinal truth (1 John).

   

• The warning against heresies and false teachers (2 Peter, Jude).

Both groups of epistles are complementary: one establishes the doctrinal basis, the other exhorts the faithful practice.

Audience and pastoral tone

The Pauline epistles are addressed primarily to:

• Local churches (Corinth, Rome, Philippi).

   

• Specific collaborators (Timothy, Titus, Philemon).

   

• With a direct, sometimes confrontational, pastoral tone (e.g. Galatians).

The general epistles, on the other hand:

• They are addressed to scattered Christian communities or to believers in general.

   

• They use a more universal, exhortative and encouraging tone.

   

• They focus on ethical standards, consolation and calls to common fidelity.

These differences show that Each group of epistles fulfills a specific role in the spiritual and doctrinal development of God's people.

The Epistles in Christian Worship and Liturgy

Apostolic readings at Mass or worship

From the early centuries, the epistles were included as public readings in Christian worship, along with the Gospels and the Old Testament.

• In Catholic, Orthodox and some Protestant liturgy, the “apostolic readings” come directly from the epistles.

   

• These readings follow a organized lectionary (cycle A, B and C) which covers a large part of the New Testament.

   

• Paul explicitly recommended the public reading of his letters (Colossians 4:16; 1 Thessalonians 5:27).

The proclamation of the epistles in worship strengthens the faith of the community and connects the believer with the apostolic tradition.

Using key passages for central doctrines

Numerous verses from the epistles have served as foundation for essential doctrines of Christianity.

Examples:

• Salvation by grace: Ephesians 2:8-9.

   

• Justification by faith: Romans 3:28.

   

• Nature of Christian love: 1 Corinthians 13.

   

• Fruit of the Spirit: Galatians 5:22-23.

   

• Doctrine of the resurrection: 1 Corinthians 15.

These texts are frequently cited in creeds, catechisms, doctrinal declarations and pastoral preaching, reaffirming its ongoing relevance.

Epistles as the basis of historical hymns and creeds

The epistles have profoundly influenced the formation of hymns, doxologies and creeds used in Christian liturgy and theology.

Notable examples:

• Philippians 2:6-11: considered an early Christological hymn about the humiliation and exaltation of Christ.

   

• Colossians 1:15-20: exaltation of Christ as the image of God and head of the church.

   

• 1 Timothy 3:16: possible fragment of a creed or confession of primitive faith.

   

• Romans 10:9: basis for the profession of faith: “If you confess with your mouth that Jesus is Lord…”

These sections have been used in liturgies, sacred music and declarations of faith for centuries, showing that the epistles not only instruct, but also form the heart and praise of the church.

Epistles and their influence on the Protestant Reformation

The impact of Romans and Galatians on Luther

The Epistles of Romans and Galatians were fundamental in the Martin Luther's spiritual experience, who, in studying them, rediscovered the central truth of justification by faith.

Key moments:

• In his reading of Romans 1:17, Luther understood that “the just shall live by faith,” not by works or penance.

   

• Galatians took him to reject religious legalism and the corrupt practices of indulgences that dominated the medieval church.

   

• These letters were his theological basis for confront the abuses of the Catholic Church and proclaim freedom in Christ.

Romans and Galatians became the doctrinal standards of the Reformation, marking a before and after in the history of the church.

Doctrines of faith alone and grace alone

The New Testament epistles were the primary source for formulating the key doctrines of the Reformation:

• Sola fide (by faith alone): clearly taught in Romans 5:1 and Galatians 2:16.

   

• Sola gratia (by grace alone)Ephesians 2:8-9 proclaims that salvation is a divine gift, not human merit.

   

• Solus Christus (Christ alone): Hebrews exalts Jesus as the only mediator between God and men (Hebrews 4:14-16).

   

• Sola Scriptura (Scripture alone): The epistles served as a model of inspired and sufficient authority for doctrine.

These doctrines, deeply rooted in the epistles, shook the foundations of the traditional ecclesiastical system and returned Christ to the center of the Christian message.

Renewal of Gospel-Centered Preaching

The Reformation promoted a new form of preaching, based on the clear exposition of the Scriptures, especially the epistles.

Fundamental changes:

• Moralistic and ritualistic homilies were replaced by sermons focused on the gospel and apostolic doctrine.

   

• Romans, Galatians, Ephesians and Hebrews became favorite texts to form believers in the faith.

   

• Theological teaching was revitalized in universities and in the local church, with In-depth biblical commentaries based on the epistles.

This renewal continues to this day in many Protestant traditions, where The exposition of the New Testament letters remains the heart of biblical preaching.

What do we learn today by studying an epistle?

How to live the gospel practically

The epistles teach that the gospel It is not just a truth that is believed, but a life that is lived.

Applications for today:

• Love your enemies, forgive from your heart, and act justly (Romans 12; Colossians 3).

   

• Be honest at work, responsible in the family, and humble in the church (Ephesians 5–6).

   

• Flee from sin, control your tongue, live with contentment (1 Timothy 6; James 3).

Each letter shows that authentic faith transforms our daily behavior, guiding decisions, relationships and attitudes.

How to grow spiritually in community

The epistles reveal that Spiritual growth occurs within the body of Christ, not in isolation.

Relevant lessons:

• Exhort, encourage, and correct one another (Hebrews 10:24-25).

   

• Serve yourself with the gifts received for mutual edification (1 Corinthians 12).

   

• Persevere in love, patience and unity (Ephesians 4).

   

• Respect spiritual leadership and exercise authority with humility (1 Peter 5).

The study of the epistles helps to strengthen the community life of the church, promoting a faith shared and lived in communion.

How to discern and resist false teachings

Since the 1st century, the epistles warn about erroneous doctrines and deceptive leaders, offering criteria for truth.

Key lessons:

• The gospel admits no additions: “Even if an angel from heaven should preach a different gospel to you… let him be accursed” (Galatians 1:8).

   

• False teachers are identified by corrupt fruits, ambition and contradiction to the Scriptures (2 Peter 2; 1 John 2:18-19).

   

• The believer must discern the spirits and hold fast to the truth (1 John 4:1-6).

Studying the epistles today equips the believer to stand firm in the truth, reject error, and persevere in sound doctrine.

Tips for studying the epistles in groups or devotionals

Recommended reading plans

Studying the epistles with a structured plan helps to keep pace and grasp the progression of apostolic thought.

Plan suggestions:

• One epistle a week: Ideal for small groups or monthly studies (Philippians, James, 1 John).

   

• Thematic plan: study doctrines such as grace (Ephesians, Romans), leadership (1 and 2 Timothy, Titus), or practical life (James, 1 Peter).

   

• Chronological reading: follow the estimated order in which they were written (Galatians → 1 Thessalonians → Corinthians → Romans…).

   

• New Testament Annual Plan: Read a section of epistles along with Gospels and Acts for added context.

   

A guided reading allows reflect deeply and apply clearly the apostolic teachings.

Inductive methods of Bible study

Inductive study allows discover the meaning of the text directly, without first relying on external commentary.

Basic steps:

1. Observation: What does the text say? Identify keywords, structure, repetitions, context.

    

2. Interpretation: What does it mean? Find the author's purpose, compare it with other passages, and consult the historical context.

    

3. ApplicationWhat does it say to me today? Connect the message to personal, community, and current situations.

    

This method can be used in a group, allowing Each participant discovers and shares what the Spirit reveals to him/her through the text.

How to adapt epistles to discipleship or classes

The epistles are a rich source for form new believers, strengthen leaders, and teach doctrinal foundations.

Practical suggestions:

• Divide the epistle by key themes: salvation, faith, fruits of the Spirit, relationships, church.

   

• Using discussion questions Open and personal: What does this passage teach about God? What does it ask me to change?

   

• Include specific applications for daily life: family relationships, work, temptations, decisions.

   

• Supplement with visual materials or maps of Pablo's journey for a more dynamic understanding.

   

The teaching of the epistles in discipleship transforms not only the mind, but also the character and relationships of believers.

📗 Book Recommendations on Epistles (Amazon.com)

📘 NT Biblical Commentary: Pauline Epistles – William Barclay
Accessible, in-depth, and highly useful language for personal or group study. It provides historical context, textual analysis, and practical applications.

📘 The message of the Epistles – John Stott
An excellent work for understanding the central message of each epistle with theological clarity and pastoral depth. Ideal for preachers, teachers, and leaders.

📘 Pauline Letters: An Introduction – David E. Garland
Ideal for students and teachers seeking a solid, scholarly foundation in Paul's letters. Includes introductions, main themes, and literary analysis.

Frequently Asked Questions about the Epistle in the Bible

What is an epistle in the Bible?
An epistle is a letter written with a specific purpose, generally used to instruct, correct, exhort, or encourage believers and Christian communities. In the Bible, they are part of the New Testament and were inspired by the Holy Spirit.

How many epistles are there in the New Testament?
There is 21 epistles in the New Testament. Of them, 13 are attributed to the apostle Paul and the other 8 are known as general or catholic epistles.

Why did Paul write so many epistles?
Paul wrote so many epistles because he was the apostle in charge of evangelizing the Gentiles and founded multiple churches in various cities. These letters were his way of instruct, correct, and strengthen the faith of believers from a distance.

What is the difference between epistles and gospels?
The gospels They narrate the life, death and resurrection of Jesus from a historical and testimonial perspective (Matthew, Mark, Luke and John). epistles, on the other hand, are doctrinal and pastoral letters, written after the resurrection, to teach how to live in the light of the gospel.

Were all the epistles written by apostles?
Not all of them were written by the original twelve apostles, but yes by figures of apostolic authority In the early church: Paul, Peter, John, James (brother of Jesus), Judas (also brother of the Lord), and an anonymous author in the case of Hebrews.

Are the epistles still applicable to Christians today?
Yes. Although they were written in specific historical contexts, the epistles contain eternal principles about faith, grace, Christian living, the Church, and future hope. They are essential for current spiritual growth.

What topics do the epistles most frequently cover?
Among the most recurrent topics are:

• The salvation by grace through faith

• The moral and spiritual life of the believer

   

• The unity and functioning of the church

• The eschatological hope (second coming of Christ)

   

• The warning against false teachings

What is a general epistle?
A general (or catholic) epistle is a letter aimed at a wide audience, not to a specific church or person. Examples include James, 1 and 2 Peter, 1-3 John, and Jude. They address universal themes and exhortations for the entire church.

How can I apply the message of an epistle in my daily life?
You can apply his teachings:

• Reflecting on the Christian values they promote

   

• Asking yourself what attitudes or decisions you need to change

   

• Applying its principles in your work, family, and church

   

• Using them as a basis for prayer, devotions, and ethical decisions

   

Which is the shortest epistle and which is the longest?

• The shorter is 3 John, with only 15 verses.

   

The longer is Romans, with 16 chapters and a profound doctrinal explanation about salvation and the justice of God.